<\/div>\n\n\n\n
What Is an Audiologist?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/hearingloss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Untitled-June-15-2026-at-16.06.25.jpeg\")
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nAn audiologist is a university-trained licensed health care professional who specializes in identifying, evaluating, and managing disorders of the auditory and balance systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Most audiologists practicing in the United States today hold a Doctor of Audiology (Au.D.), the standard clinical-level doctorate. This program includes graduate-level coursework and supervised clinical training prior to licensure. Some audiologists also hold a Ph.D. in audiology or hearing science, which is a research-focused doctorate. Clinical licensure is determined by state requirements and the completion of required clinical training. Audiologists must meet state licensure requirements and complete continuing education to maintain their licensure credentials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prior to the early 2000s, a master\u2019s degree was the standard entry-level credential for clinical practice. Audiologists who earned a Master of Science (M.S.) before the transition<\/a> remain fully licensed and qualified to practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\nAccording to the American Academy of Audiology (AAA)<\/a>, audiologists are trained to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n- Conduct comprehensive diagnostic evaluations of the auditory and balance systems<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Evaluate and manage hearing-related conditions such as tinnitus<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Assess balance disorders<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Fit and program hearing aids<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Provide rehabilitative counseling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Some of these services may overlap with those provided by hearing instrument specialists, depending on state licensing laws and individual provider training.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Audiologists receive formal training in tinnitus evaluation and management as part of their graduate education. They are also trained to perform diagnostic hearing evaluations across the lifespan, including for infants and children. Pediatric hearing assessment requires specialized clinical training and equipment. Comprehensive diagnostic evaluation for infants and young children typically requires specialized training.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For someone new to hearing care, the key takeaway is this: An audiologist is trained to provide comprehensive evaluation and management of hearing and balance concerns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nWhat Is a Hearing Instrument Specialist?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
A hearing instrument specialist, sometimes called a hearing aid specialist or hearing aid dispenser, is a licensed professional who focuses primarily on hearing aid evaluation, fitting, and follow-up care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The specific title varies by state. Some states use Hearing Instrument Specialist (HIS), while others use Hearing Aid Dispenser (HAD). The role is typically similar, though the exact scope is defined by state licensing boards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)<\/a>, hearing instrument specialists are licensed to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n- Conduct hearing screenings or tests<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Select and fit hearing aids<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Program and adjust hearing devices<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Provide follow-up care and troubleshooting<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Offer counseling related to hearing aid use and communication strategies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Educational requirements vary by state but generally include passing a licensing exam and ongoing continuing education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"blog-cta-bg\"](\"https:\/\/hearingloss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/blog-cta-bg3.gif\")
<\/span>\nReady to Connect With a Hearing Care Professional?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Whether you’re looking for an audiologist or a hearing instrument specialist, finding a highly qualified provider in your area is the next step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nFind a Provider Near You<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nAudiologist vs. Hearing Instrument Specialist: Key Differences Explained<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
When comparing an audiologist vs. a hearing instrument specialist, the main differences fall into two categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Education and clinical training<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Scope of practice<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
Again, these distinctions reflect national trends. State laws ultimately define the details.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Education and Training<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Audiologists:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n- Earn a Doctor of Audiology (Au.D.) degree; prior to the profession\u2019s transition to the Au.D. as the entry-level standard, audiologists earned a master\u2019s degree (M.S., M.A., or similar) in audiology<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Complete graduate-level coursework in anatomy, physiology, acoustics, diagnostics, and rehabilitation<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Complete supervised clinical hours before licensure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Hearing Instrument Specialists:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n- Meet state-specific licensing requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Pass a state licensing examination<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Both must maintain licensure and continuing education. The depth and breadth of clinical education, however, differ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Scope of Practice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The scope of practice for both audiologists and hearing instrument specialists is determined by state law, and responsibilities may vary depending on where you live. Audiologists are licensed to perform comprehensive diagnostic evaluations of the auditory system and balance assessments. They collaborate with physicians when medical referrals are necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hearing instrument specialists focus primarily on evaluating hearing<\/a> for the purpose of fitting and dispensing hearing aids. Their scope generally centers on amplification and device-related care.<\/p>\n\n\n\nImportantly, both professionals can fit and program hearing aids. The difference lies in the breadth of diagnostic services, training, and required experience each can provide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nAre Hearing Instrument Specialists the Same as Hearing Aid Dispensers?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
In most states, yes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hearing Instrument Specialist, Hearing Aid Specialist, and Hearing Aid Dispenser are titles determined by state licensing terminology. The responsibilities are typically focused on evaluating hearing and fitting amplification devices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If you see HIS vs. HAD online, it usually reflects terminology differences rather than entirely separate professions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nCan a Hearing Instrument Specialist Diagnose Hearing Loss?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Hearing instrument specialists can conduct hearing tests to determine the presence of hearing loss for the purpose of fitting hearing aids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Both audiologists and hearing instrument specialists are trained to perform hearing tests that identify the presence and degree of hearing loss. The difference is not in whether hearing loss can be identified, but the depth of professional training required for licensing and the broader range of diagnostic services each is licensed to provide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a hearing test suggests a medical concern such as sudden hearing loss, asymmetry, or other red flags, referral to a physician is recommended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nWhen Should You See an Audiologist vs. a Hearing Instrument Specialist?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
If you are unsure where to begin, you are not alone. Many people simply want clearer hearing and do not know the difference between titles. For a first-time evaluation, it is recommended to see an audiologist for a full diagnostic hearing evaluation. Audiologists are trained to recognize when a medical referral may be needed and are licensed to perform broader diagnostic evaluations to identify underlying issues that may otherwise be missed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
You may consider seeing an audiologist if:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- You have sudden, fluctuating, or rapidly changing hearing loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- You experience dizziness or balance concerns<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- You have persistent tinnitus<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- You have a history of ear surgery, chronic ear infections, or other medical ear conditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- You are seeking a hearing evaluation for an infant or young child<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Both professionals are trained to recognize when a medical referral may be needed. Audiologists are licensed to perform broader diagnostic evaluations, while hearing instrument specialists may refer to physicians when medical concerns are identified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nWhat Does the Patient Experience Look Like?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/hearingloss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Untitled-June-15-2026-at-16.06.25.png\")
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nFor someone new to hearing care, the experience may feel similar at first, especially among providers who prioritize evidence-based standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Both audiologists and hearing instrument specialists typically:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Ask about hearing history and lifestyle<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Conduct hearing testing in a sound-treated room<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Review results using an audiogram<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Discuss hearing aid options if appropriate<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Provide device programming and follow-up care<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
One important aspect of hearing aid care is real-ear measurement (REM)<\/a>, a verification method that measures how sound is delivered to your eardrum while you are wearing hearing aids.<\/p>\n\n\n\nReal-ear measurement may be used by either audiologists or hearing instrument specialists who follow evidence-based fitting protocols. It helps ensure that hearing aids are programmed to match your individual hearing loss rather than relying solely on manufacturer defaults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
HearingLoss.com\u00ae<\/sup>-Certified providers are committed to performing real-ear measurement as part of their clinical and patient best practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\nIn addition to real-ear measurement, many providers also use test box verification, which checks that the hearing aid device itself is functioning properly according to manufacturer specifications. While test box confirms the device is working as intended, real-ear measurement confirms how it performs in your ear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nQuick Answers: Audiologist vs. Hearing Instrument Specialist<\/h2>\n\n\n\nWhat is the difference in training between an audiologist and a hearing instrument specialist?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Audiologists complete a graduate-level program in audiology that includes extensive coursework and supervised clinical training before licensure. Hearing instrument specialists are required to pass a licensing examination. The length and structure of education differ by profession and by state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Are audiologists always doctors?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Most audiologists practicing today hold a Doctor of Audiology (Au.D.) degree, which is the standard clinical-level doctorate in the United States. Prior to the early 2000s, a master\u2019s degree was the standard credential for clinical practice. Some audiologists may hold a Ph.D. in audiology or hearing science, or another doctorate in a related field which is a research-focused doctorate. Audiologists practicing with an Au.D. or previously earned master\u2019s degree remain fully licensed and qualified to provide care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Can a hearing instrument specialist diagnose hearing loss?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
No. Hearing instrument specialists cannot medically diagnose the cause of hearing loss or ear disorders. They are licensed to evaluate hearing for the purpose of fitting, adjusting, and programming hearing aids for adults. If a medical diagnosis is needed, an audiologist or physician should be consulted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do both professionals fit hearing aids?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Yes. Both audiologists and hearing instrument specialists fit and program hearing aids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is a hearing instrument specialist the same as a hearing aid dispenser?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
In most states, yes. The terminology varies by state licensing board.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Who should I see for a hearing test?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
For a first-time evaluation, it is recommended to see an audiologist for a full diagnostic hearing <\/p>\n\n\n\n
evaluation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nFinding the Right Hearing Professional for Your Needs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Choosing a hearing professional is not just about credentials. It is also about comfort, communication style, and whether you feel heard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Look for a provider who:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- Explains results clearly<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Discusses options specific to your unique needs<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Uses evidence-based fitting practices, including real-ear measurement<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Encourages follow-up care<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Answers questions openly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
If you are unsure where to begin, HearingLoss.com makes it simple to take the next step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
You can start with a free online hearing screener to better understand your hearing concerns in just a few minutes. If the results suggest further evaluation, you can search for a HearingLoss.com-Certified provider near you<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\nHearingLoss.com-Certified providers meet established clinical and patient best practices<\/a>, including real-ear measurement<\/a> during hearing aid fittings and ongoing continuing education. Whether you choose to see an audiologist or a hearing instrument specialist, certification helps ensure a consistent standard of care.<\/p>\n\n\n\nThe most important step is simply starting. Hearing changes rarely improve on their own. Seeking evaluation early can make conversations clearer, social moments easier, and everyday listening less exhausting. You don\u2019t have to know every credential to take that first step. You just have to take it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nReferences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- ASHA State-by-State<\/em>. (2025). American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. https:\/\/www.asha.org\/advocacy\/state\/<\/a>. Accessed 18 February 2026.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Audiologist and Hearing Aid Dispenser: What Is the Difference?<\/em> (2026). American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. https:\/\/www.asha.org\/aud\/otc-hearing-aid-toolkit\/audiologist-and-hearing-aid-dispenser-what-is-the-difference\/<\/a>. Accessed 18 February 2026.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Audiology Doctoral Programs By State<\/em>. (2025, July 22). American Academy of Audiology. https:\/\/www.audiology.org\/careers\/doctoral-programs-in-audiology\/audiology-doctoral-programs-by-state\/#aud-facts<\/a>. Accessed 18 February 2026.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nAn audiologist is a university-trained licensed health care professional who specializes in identifying, evaluating, and managing disorders of the auditory and balance systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Most audiologists practicing in the United States today hold a Doctor of Audiology (Au.D.), the standard clinical-level doctorate. This program includes graduate-level coursework and supervised clinical training prior to licensure. Some audiologists also hold a Ph.D. in audiology or hearing science, which is a research-focused doctorate. Clinical licensure is determined by state requirements and the completion of required clinical training. Audiologists must meet state licensure requirements and complete continuing education to maintain their licensure credentials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prior to the early 2000s, a master\u2019s degree was the standard entry-level credential for clinical practice. Audiologists who earned a Master of Science (M.S.) before the transition<\/a> remain fully licensed and qualified to practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n According to the American Academy of Audiology (AAA)<\/a>, audiologists are trained to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Some of these services may overlap with those provided by hearing instrument specialists, depending on state licensing laws and individual provider training.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Audiologists receive formal training in tinnitus evaluation and management as part of their graduate education. They are also trained to perform diagnostic hearing evaluations across the lifespan, including for infants and children. Pediatric hearing assessment requires specialized clinical training and equipment. Comprehensive diagnostic evaluation for infants and young children typically requires specialized training.<\/p>\n\n\n\n For someone new to hearing care, the key takeaway is this: An audiologist is trained to provide comprehensive evaluation and management of hearing and balance concerns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A hearing instrument specialist, sometimes called a hearing aid specialist or hearing aid dispenser, is a licensed professional who focuses primarily on hearing aid evaluation, fitting, and follow-up care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The specific title varies by state. Some states use Hearing Instrument Specialist (HIS), while others use Hearing Aid Dispenser (HAD). The role is typically similar, though the exact scope is defined by state licensing boards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)<\/a>, hearing instrument specialists are licensed to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Educational requirements vary by state but generally include passing a licensing exam and ongoing continuing education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Whether you’re looking for an audiologist or a hearing instrument specialist, finding a highly qualified provider in your area is the next step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n When comparing an audiologist vs. a hearing instrument specialist, the main differences fall into two categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Again, these distinctions reflect national trends. State laws ultimately define the details.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Audiologists:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hearing Instrument Specialists:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Both must maintain licensure and continuing education. The depth and breadth of clinical education, however, differ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The scope of practice for both audiologists and hearing instrument specialists is determined by state law, and responsibilities may vary depending on where you live. Audiologists are licensed to perform comprehensive diagnostic evaluations of the auditory system and balance assessments. They collaborate with physicians when medical referrals are necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hearing instrument specialists focus primarily on evaluating hearing<\/a> for the purpose of fitting and dispensing hearing aids. Their scope generally centers on amplification and device-related care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Importantly, both professionals can fit and program hearing aids. The difference lies in the breadth of diagnostic services, training, and required experience each can provide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In most states, yes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hearing Instrument Specialist, Hearing Aid Specialist, and Hearing Aid Dispenser are titles determined by state licensing terminology. The responsibilities are typically focused on evaluating hearing and fitting amplification devices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n If you see HIS vs. HAD online, it usually reflects terminology differences rather than entirely separate professions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hearing instrument specialists can conduct hearing tests to determine the presence of hearing loss for the purpose of fitting hearing aids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Both audiologists and hearing instrument specialists are trained to perform hearing tests that identify the presence and degree of hearing loss. The difference is not in whether hearing loss can be identified, but the depth of professional training required for licensing and the broader range of diagnostic services each is licensed to provide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n If a hearing test suggests a medical concern such as sudden hearing loss, asymmetry, or other red flags, referral to a physician is recommended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n If you are unsure where to begin, you are not alone. Many people simply want clearer hearing and do not know the difference between titles. For a first-time evaluation, it is recommended to see an audiologist for a full diagnostic hearing evaluation. Audiologists are trained to recognize when a medical referral may be needed and are licensed to perform broader diagnostic evaluations to identify underlying issues that may otherwise be missed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n You may consider seeing an audiologist if:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Both professionals are trained to recognize when a medical referral may be needed. Audiologists are licensed to perform broader diagnostic evaluations, while hearing instrument specialists may refer to physicians when medical concerns are identified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n For someone new to hearing care, the experience may feel similar at first, especially among providers who prioritize evidence-based standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Both audiologists and hearing instrument specialists typically:<\/p>\n\n\n\n One important aspect of hearing aid care is real-ear measurement (REM)<\/a>, a verification method that measures how sound is delivered to your eardrum while you are wearing hearing aids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Real-ear measurement may be used by either audiologists or hearing instrument specialists who follow evidence-based fitting protocols. It helps ensure that hearing aids are programmed to match your individual hearing loss rather than relying solely on manufacturer defaults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n HearingLoss.com\u00ae<\/sup>-Certified providers are committed to performing real-ear measurement as part of their clinical and patient best practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In addition to real-ear measurement, many providers also use test box verification, which checks that the hearing aid device itself is functioning properly according to manufacturer specifications. While test box confirms the device is working as intended, real-ear measurement confirms how it performs in your ear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Audiologists complete a graduate-level program in audiology that includes extensive coursework and supervised clinical training before licensure. Hearing instrument specialists are required to pass a licensing examination. The length and structure of education differ by profession and by state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Most audiologists practicing today hold a Doctor of Audiology (Au.D.) degree, which is the standard clinical-level doctorate in the United States. Prior to the early 2000s, a master\u2019s degree was the standard credential for clinical practice. Some audiologists may hold a Ph.D. in audiology or hearing science, or another doctorate in a related field which is a research-focused doctorate. Audiologists practicing with an Au.D. or previously earned master\u2019s degree remain fully licensed and qualified to provide care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n No. Hearing instrument specialists cannot medically diagnose the cause of hearing loss or ear disorders. They are licensed to evaluate hearing for the purpose of fitting, adjusting, and programming hearing aids for adults. If a medical diagnosis is needed, an audiologist or physician should be consulted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yes. Both audiologists and hearing instrument specialists fit and program hearing aids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In most states, yes. The terminology varies by state licensing board.<\/p>\n\n\n\n For a first-time evaluation, it is recommended to see an audiologist for a full diagnostic hearing <\/p>\n\n\n\n evaluation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Choosing a hearing professional is not just about credentials. It is also about comfort, communication style, and whether you feel heard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Look for a provider who:<\/p>\n\n\n\n If you are unsure where to begin, HearingLoss.com makes it simple to take the next step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n You can start with a free online hearing screener to better understand your hearing concerns in just a few minutes. If the results suggest further evaluation, you can search for a HearingLoss.com-Certified provider near you<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n HearingLoss.com-Certified providers meet established clinical and patient best practices<\/a>, including real-ear measurement<\/a> during hearing aid fittings and ongoing continuing education. Whether you choose to see an audiologist or a hearing instrument specialist, certification helps ensure a consistent standard of care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The most important step is simply starting. Hearing changes rarely improve on their own. Seeking evaluation early can make conversations clearer, social moments easier, and everyday listening less exhausting. You don\u2019t have to know every credential to take that first step. You just have to take it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nWhat Is a Hearing Instrument Specialist?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Ready to Connect With a Hearing Care Professional?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nAudiologist vs. Hearing Instrument Specialist: Key Differences Explained<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
Education and Training<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
Scope of Practice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nAre Hearing Instrument Specialists the Same as Hearing Aid Dispensers?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nCan a Hearing Instrument Specialist Diagnose Hearing Loss?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nWhen Should You See an Audiologist vs. a Hearing Instrument Specialist?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nWhat Does the Patient Experience Look Like?<\/h2>\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nQuick Answers: Audiologist vs. Hearing Instrument Specialist<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
What is the difference in training between an audiologist and a hearing instrument specialist?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Are audiologists always doctors?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Can a hearing instrument specialist diagnose hearing loss?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Do both professionals fit hearing aids?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Is a hearing instrument specialist the same as a hearing aid dispenser?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Who should I see for a hearing test?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nFinding the Right Hearing Professional for Your Needs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\nReferences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n